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Life cycle model

A software life cycle model (also called process model) is a descriptive and diagrammatic representation of the software life cycle. A life cycle model represents all the activities required to make a software product transit through its life cycle phases. It also captures the order in which these activities are to be undertaken. In other words, a life cycle model maps the different activities performed on a software product from its inception to retirement. Different life cycle models may map the basic development activities to phases in different ways. Thus, no matter which life cycle model is followed, the basic activities are included in all life cycle models though the activities may be carried out in different orders in different life cycle models. During any life cycle phase, more than one activity may also be carried out.

For example, the design phase might consist of the structured analysis activity followed by the structured design activity.

The need for a software life cycle model

The development team must identify a suitable life cycle model for the particular project and then adhere to it. Without using of a particular life cycle model the development of a software product would not be in a systematic and disciplined manner. When a software product is being developed by a team there must be a clear understanding among team members about when and what to do. Otherwise it would lead to chaos and project failure. This problem can be illustrated by using an example. Suppose a software development problem is divided into several parts and the parts are assigned to the team members. From then on, suppose the team members are allowed the freedom to develop the parts assigned to them in whatever way they like.

It is possible that one member might start writing the code for his part, another might decide to prepare the test documents first, and some other engineer might begin with the design phase of the parts assigned to him. This would be one of the perfect recipes for project failure.

A software life cycle model defines entry and exit criteria for every phase. A phase can start only if its phase-entry criteria have been satisfied. So without software life cycle model the entry and exit criteria for a phase cannot be recognized. Without software life cycle models (such as classical waterfall model, iterative waterfall model, prototyping model, evolutionary model, spiral model etc.) it becomes difficult for software project managers to monitor the progress of the project.

Different software life cycle models

Many life cycle models have been proposed so far. Each of them has some advantages as well as some disadvantages. A few important and commonly used life cycle models are as follows:

Classical Waterfall Model
Iterative Waterfall Model
Prototyping Model
Evolutionary Model
Spiral Model

Different phases of the classical waterfall model

The classical waterfall model is intuitively the most obvious way to develop software. Though the classical waterfall model is elegant and intuitively obvious, it is not a practical model in the sense that it can not be used in actual software development projects. Thus, this model can be considered to be a theoretical way of developing software. But all other life cycle models are essentially derived from the classical waterfall model. So, in order to be able to appreciate other life cycle models it is necessary to learn the classical waterfall model.

Classical waterfall model divides the life cycle into the following phases as shown in fig.2.1:

Feasibility Study
Requirements Analysis and Specification
Design
Coding and Unit Testing
Integration and System Testing
Maintenance

Activities in each phase of the life cycle

Activities undertaken during feasibility study: - The main aim of feasibility study is to determine whether it would be financially and technically feasible to develop the product.

At first project managers or team leaders try to have a rough understanding of what is required to be done by visiting the client side. They study different input data to the system and output data to be produced by the system. They study what kind of processing is needed to be done on these data and they look at the various constraints on the behavior of the system.
After they have an overall understanding of the problem they investigate the different solutions that are possible. Then they examine each of the solutions in terms of what kind of resources required, what would be the cost of development and what would be the development time for each solution.
Based on this analysis they pick the best solution and determine whether the solution is feasible financially and technically. They check whether the customer budget would meet the cost of the

Product and whether they have sufficient technical expertise in the area of development.

The following is an example of a feasibility study undertaken by an organization. It is intended to give you a feel of the activities and issues involved in the feasibility study phase of a typical software project.

Medallions are a great way to recognize participants in your special event or tournament.  Designed with the recipient in mind, we offer a number of different sizes to fit your needs.  Custom medallions can be 1.5″ to 3.0″ in size.  They come standard attached to a neck ribbon making them functionable and attractive.

Medallions can be soft enamel or die struck.  They also can feature optional items like 3D images, epoxy domes, dual plating, printed images, silk screen, and cut outs.  If our customers prefer, they can also be plated in antique gold, antique silver, and antique copper.

Single or Double Sided Options Offer Two Different Looks

All medallions are double sided but that doesn’t mean that you need to have something printed on both sides for it to be functional.  You can use the front side of the medallion only or have twice the space to add text, logos, photographs or images.  That’s the beauty of custom items.  You get to design the way they look.  Right down to the size, shape, style, and colors used in your artwork, your unique personality shines through.

Different Ways That Medallions Can Be Used to Reward Others

Here are just a few ideas for ways to use your custom medallions:

Sporting Events

Athletic Competitions

Academic Triathlons

Quiz Bowls

Debate and Competitive Speech Events

No matter what the occasion, custom medallions are a great way to reward efforts.  Separate awards can be created for participants and winners of the tournament.  This helps differentiate between First, Second, and Third Place as well as all of the Runner Ups.

No special event or tournament is complete without prizes for participants.  Make a great impression this year by ordering custom medallions and handing them out at your competition.  Visit http://www.lapelpinsrus.com/medallions.html/ to learn more about your options.  The extra effort will make this year’s event memorable.

There are many different types and brands of nail varnish, but they all serve the same purpose. What they do is to generally improve the appearance of or add color to the fingernails. This has been a practice amongst people for many centuries.

Throughout recorded history there is mention of the use of different ways to add color to the fingernails. In many of these cultures it was a way to tell royalty apart from commoners. This was true for ancient Chinese societies as well as those of ancient Egypt. The coloring of the nails continued throughout the centuries since then.

However, it was not until automobile paint was invented that the inspiration for the nail varnish that we know today came along. Since the introduction of the original paint on enamels for the fingernails there has been the development of a wide variety of colors. This now has been taken even further into nail varnish that is environmentally friendly. This is a trend that has begun due to the fact that most of the manufacturing companies are being pushed to rid their polishes of the toxic chemicals that they have contained since they were first invented. Many of these chemicals have been proven to lead to many different conditions when tested in laboratories and the fear is that they could cause many of these same conditions in the humans that are wearing them.

Nail varnish has been used by women for many years as a statement of fashion, but recently it is taking on popularity amongst men as well. This is not only in the cultures of punk and Goth style where it has been common practice for both men and women to have colored fingernails since the 70′s. This started in these cultures with both genders coloring their fingernails black, but as the colors available developed more so did the choices of the colors worn in these cultures. Throughout society as a whole it is now becoming commonplace for men to be wearing nail varnish.

There are many different types of nail varnish that is available on the market now from those that help those who bite their fingernails to stop to those that are intended to make the fingernails stronger and longer. The brands available in these polishes now are almost endless, and there are more and more coming out all the time. Most every line of beauty products that is in existence has their own brand of nail varnish, and there are many companies that are exclusive to polish for the fingernails and the only other products that they offer are those that will help to improve the fingernails even further.

No matter what the reason that you may be wearing nail varnish, whether it be to help you stop biting your fingernails or to try and help improve the appearance of your fingernails and hands, every time you apply it you taking part in a ritual that has been in existence for millennia and is guaranteed to continue for millennia to come.

Painting and decorating your home or office is an activity that must be undertaken once every few years. Rain, dust and moisture make walls and floors damaged and discolored. Worn out and discolored walls and floors spoil the beauty of the place, and also keep peeling off, causing more trouble. Many people like to do the painting work themselves, because they wish to save on expense, and also because they feel that only they can understand which shades would suit their office or home walls the best. With the proliferation of large DIY stores, most of the trade supplies as well as a multitude of innovative treatments, finishes and fittings, plus the tools are available for home use. However, it is always more prudent to engage the services of a painter and decorator for the purpose.

However, if are planning to paint your house yourself but you have never tried painting before or do not much knowledge about it, the cost of painting and decorating may increase substantially. Painting the house or office is a complex task, and several different coats of paint have to be applied, including the primer. This means that a layman has to spend far more time on it than a professional painter and decorator. Any professional painter and decorator will use a number of methods and processes to ensure a solid foundation for the work.

Painting and decorating in Nottingham has to be done in different ways based on what kind of building or structure is involved. Painting and decorating of commercial properties need be done using durable and very hard wearing material in order to ensure that they can withstand harsh environment conditions. On the other hand, homes typically do not require such hard wearing material, unless you live in a region which receives heavy rainfall. Many painters and decorators also offer spray painting services that can be used internally or externally, which improves the appearance of the walls substantially.

After painting your house or office in a flawless manner, a decorator in Nottingham also provide excellent decoration services. The painter and decorator possess a wide variety of skills and ensure that they fulfill the requirements of the customer. They will choose the right kind of emulsion paint for the interior of the place, from among a huge variety of emulsions. However, they will take utmost most care while painting the exterior. Also, they will use sound techniques to take off all loose gloss paint, apply a primer suitable to the base surface, color it thoroughly and then leave it to dry. A decorator will also undertake wood staining and varnishing, using the best material suitable for the unique look you desire. He will make sure that the material he uses is rain resistant. He will also apply a floor coating and will take care that the material is suitable for the surface and strongly adhesive, and that the design is as per your choice.

Shock absorbers, or shocks for short, help soften a vehicles handling as it rides down the street.  There are bumps and potholes that can shake our vehicle as we drive.  Shock absorbers allow the vehicle to smoothly travel over these bumps without there being a rough force applied to the vehicle.  In a sense, the shock absorbers work as springs that allow the tires of the vehicle to move freely with the bumps while the vehicle essentially remains unaffected by the bumps, and thus remains still.

The simplest way to explain the process of how shock absorbers work is that they transfer the kinetic energy that is produced from an uneven ride.  There are several different types of shock absorbers that transfer the energy in different ways.  In some shock absorbers, the energy is turned into heat inside the shocks viscous fluid.  Others will release the heat through an exhaust into the atmosphere.  Electromagnetic shock absorbers can store the energy and use it later.

Shock absorbers are placed in all forms of automobiles.  Any vehicle that is to travel over any form of rough terrain will have shock absorbers to help lessen discomfort and create a smoother ride.  Shock absorbers can even be applied to buildings and bridges to help the structure through earthquakes.  The typical shock absorber consists of springs and torsion bars.  A torsion bar is a metal rod that is attached to the chassis of a vehicle at one end and attached to the axle, spindle or suspension arm at the other end.  There are several uses for the torsion bar besides just to help with shock absorption.  Shock absorbers also help to level a vehicle.

Some of the main manufacturers of shock absorbers are Koni, KYB, Bilstein, and Boge.  There are plenty of sources around that give all the information necessary to gain a better understanding of shock absorbers.  They are important for our comfort and enjoyment of a smoother, more efficient ride.

For more info search KYB Shocksor www.shox.com