There are many elements that affect the way your blood glucose levels rise and fall when you have diabetes. But one fact is set in stone: that is keeping your blood sugars consistently within a healthy range plays a big part in significantly reducing the risk of potential long term health problems.
Here are a few results and guidelines from studies carried out by the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) in type 1 diabetes and the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) in people with type 2 diabetes:
Fact 1: Good control reduces risk. Challenged to achieve an average level (HbA1c) as close to the normal range as possible, people in the DCCT group registered major reductions of their likelihood of developing specific complications:
eye disease risk down by 76%
kidney disease risk cut in half
nerve damage risk down by 62%
Fact 2: Benefits are long lasting. The original study finished in 1993 and researchers continued to track 90% of the participants.
They found their intensive blood glucose control had also reduced the risk of:
any cardiovascular related problems by 42%
chances of non-fatal heart attack, stroke or death by 57%
Fact 3: Small changes make a difference. Even a small reduction in your average glucose level can make a large difference to your long term health prospects. The UKPDS researchers chose a group for more aggressive treatment. This included the use of oral medication and insulin where needed. This group managed to reduce their HbA1c level to 7% compared to 7.9% averaged in the conventional group.
This small difference translated into:
a huge 25% reduction in the risk of circulatory damage which would have led to eye, kidney or nerve disease
people with this group were 12% less likely to develop any diabetes related complications
and 10% less likely to die from similar causes
Fact 4. The lower the level the better. These findings allowed researchers to estimate that if you cut your HbA1c by just one percentage point, you can reduce:
your risk of damage to small blood vessels critical to eye health, kidneys, nerves and blood circulation, by 35%
your likelihood of dying from diabetes related causes by 25%
and dying from a heart attack by 18%
And if your HbA1c is above the normal range, researchers say the more you reduce it, the more positive the impact on your health.
The best way to take charge of your glucose levels and type 1 or type 2 diabetes, is to measure your levels regularly via a combination of home blood glucose testing and periodically monitoring your HbA1c levels through your health care provider.